What branch of study focuses on the adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms?

The correct answer is the study of toxicology, which specifically focuses on the adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms. Toxicology investigates how substances can be harmful, the mechanisms of their toxicity, and the effects they can have on cellular, tissue, and organ functions. This field plays a critical role in understanding the safety of chemicals, including pharmaceuticals, environmental pollutants, and consumer products, by assessing their potential risks and implementing safety measures.

In contrast, biochemistry primarily explores the chemical processes within and related to living organisms, and while it does study the interactions of chemicals in biological systems, it does not focus specifically on harmful effects. Pharmacology deals with the effects and actions of drugs and can include studying their therapeutic and toxic effects, but its main focus is not solely on the adverse impacts. Pathology is the study of diseases and their causes, effects, and processes but does not specifically examine chemicals and their adverse effects on living organisms. Thus, toxicology stands out as the specialized field that directly addresses the harmful impacts of chemicals.